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    FP&A in Manufacturing: How Finance Teams Turn Volatility into Advantage

    Why FP&A Must Evolve Alongside Planning, Data, and Processes

    Few industries feel macroeconomic pressure as directly as manufacturing. Inflation works its way through labor, raw materials, energy, and transportation. Tariffs can redraw the cost of a supply chain overnight. Exchange rates quietly erode competitiveness abroad, and demand rarely moves in a straight line. For finance leaders, the job description has changed. Keeping the books is no longer enough: the expectation now is to anticipate change, model it, and help steer the business through it.

    That shift is putting Financial Planning & Analysis (FP&A) at the center of manufacturing performance. But here’s what we tend to see on the ground: most FP&A teams aren’t held back by ambition or talent. They’re held back by static plans, disconnected systems, and manual routines that can’t keep pace with how fast conditions move. The technology to fix that already exists. What decides the outcome is how the transformation is designed and delivered — and that’s the perspective we bring to every manufacturing finance project at AKC.

    Start with the pressures, not the platform

    When a manufacturer decides to modernize FP&A, the conversation tends to jump straight to tooling — dashboards, AI features, what comes out of the box. Fair questions, but they belong later. The starting point should be the pressures the business actually needs to absorb.

    In manufacturing, those pressures are specific: inflation across cost drivers, tariff exposure on imported materials, FX risk on international sales, overhead that quietly eats margin. Each of these can be modeled continuously rather than discovered after the quarter closes. Before we talk about configuration, we help finance teams get clear on the outcomes they’re chasing — shorter budgeting cycles, sharper forecasts, better visibility into what really drives margin. Skip that step and you risk deploying a powerful platform without ever solving the problems that triggered the project.

    From annual budgets to continuous, driver-based planning

    The traditional annual budget was built for a more predictable world. Today, a plan that’s set once and revisited twelve months later is already obsolete by the time it’s approved. The more resilient model is agile, driver-based planning: rolling forecasts fed by real-time data and built around the operational drivers — volumes, input costs, labor, logistics — that actually move the numbers.

    This is exactly the shift we delivered with La Marzocco, where AKC implemented a group budgeting and forecasting model that gave finance a single, structured process across the group rather than a patchwork of spreadsheets. → Read the La Marzocco case study — a good reference point for any manufacturer looking to industrialize budgeting and forecasting.

    The same logic extends upstream into demand. For Lucart, we implemented a sales demand planning solution that connects commercial expectations to the financial plan, so forecasts reflect where the market is actually heading rather than last year’s assumptions. → Read the Lucart Sales Demand Planning case study, a strong example of aligning finance with operations.

    Scenario planning: the manufacturer’s insurance policy

    If there’s one capability that sets resilient manufacturers apart, it’s scenario planning. Being able to model “what if inflation spikes in Q3” or “what if this tariff lands” and see the impact roll up to margin by product line and plant in minutes rather than weeks is what makes Finance a genuine decision-support engine instead of a source of after-the-fact reporting. 

    In today’s manufacturing environment, the ability to test assumptions quickly has become a competitive advantage. Whether assessing the impact of rising energy costs, changes in demand, supply chain disruptions, or fluctuations in raw material prices, organizations need planning processes that enable faster, more informed decisions. 

    The value of scenario planning lies not only in the simulations themselves, but in the ability to evaluate options before change occurs. This gives management teams greater confidence in their decisions and allows them to respond more effectively when market conditions shift. 

    Trusted numbers start with connected data

    Scenario planning is only as good as the data underneath it, and this is the factor most transformation projects underestimate. Teams obsess over functionality while quietly assuming the data flowing in from ERP, MES, and other systems is clean. In manufacturing — with multiple plants, product lines, and legal entities — it usually isn’t. Inconsistent codes, incomplete records, and conflicting business rules erode both reporting quality and, worse, user trust.

    That’s why our industrial manufacturing work with Burgo centered on building a reliable, integrated foundation: the kind of single source of truth that makes everything downstream, from forecasting to reporting, defensible. → Read the Burgo case study.

    The same principle underpins financial consolidation. For Dayco, a global group, AKC delivered a consolidation solution that brought consistency and control to group reporting across entities — the governance backbone that lets a multinational close its books with confidence and speed. → Read the Dayco case study.

    Technology sets the stage — the delivery decides the outcome

    None of this is really about software. Advanced planning platforms, automation, and AI-driven forecasting are powerful growth enablers: they free finance teams from spreadsheet consolidation and give time back for analysis and advice. But the platform you choose matters far less than your organization’s ability to manage the change and turn the initiative into a real business improvement.

    That belief is the core of how we work at AKC. We don’t start with software — we start with your objectives, your people, and your data. We involve key users from day one, because the people who live these processes daily understand the bottlenecks that never surface in a project workshop, and their ownership is what drives adoption after go-live. We resist the temptation to digitize broken processes, standardizing KPIs and reporting structures instead of automating yesterday’s mess. And we treat go-live as the beginning, not the end — the first months of real usage are where the most valuable improvements are found. The approach is deliberately unglamorous: progressive, measured, and built to last, with nothing resembling a risky “big bang.”

    The AKC difference

    As a Platinum Partner of CCH® Tagetik and now VISEO’s Global CCH® Tagetik Competence Center, AKC combines deep CCH Tagetik specialization and system integration capability with management consulting experience built over years of CPM projects. For manufacturers, that means a partner who understands both the technology and the operational reality of plants, product lines, and global supply chains — and who can deliver across borders for multinational groups.

    Volatility in manufacturing isn’t going away. But with connected data, continuous planning, and scenario modeling in place, finance teams have what they need to manage it — and even to make it work in their favor.

    Planning to modernize FP&A in your manufacturing organization — or trying to unlock value from a system that hasn’t delivered yet? Let’s talk.

    👉 Curious how these principles apply beyond FP&A? Read the companion piece: Why EPM Implementations Succeed or Fail — and It’s Rarely the Software.

     

    Why EPM Implementations Succeed or Fail — and It’s Rarely the Software

    Why EPM Implementations Succeed or Fail — and It’s Rarely the Software

    Many organizations invest in a new Enterprise Performance Management (EPM) solution expecting sharper budgeting, faster forecasting, and more reliable reporting. Yet months after go-live, the promised benefits often fail to materialize. The reason is rarely the technology itself — it’s how the project was managed.

    Expectations run high at the start: more control over data, leaner processes, better insight for decision-making. But the platform you choose matters far less than your organization’s ability to manage change and turn the initiative into a genuine business improvement, not just a system swap. That’s where implementation experience earns its keep.

    Start with outcomes, not software

    When EPM projects come up, the conversation jumps almost instantly to the tool: what features it offers, how flexible it is, which dashboards come out of the box. Fair questions — but they belong later.

    Before evaluating any solution, you need to be clear about the outcomes you’re chasing. Shorter budgeting cycles? More accurate forecasts? Standardized financial reporting across business units? Better visibility into the drivers that actually move the business? Skip this step and you risk deploying a powerful platform without ever addressing the problems that triggered the project in the first place. The most successful initiatives invest time upfront — reviewing current processes, spotting improvement opportunities, and agreeing on a shared roadmap — long before anyone talks about configurations.

    Engage people early, not just Finance

    One of the most common mistakes is treating EPM as a Finance-only project. In reality, the numbers used to plan, measure, and manage performance come from across the whole organization — sales, operations, HR, and executive teams all feed the data behind budgets, forecasts, and management reports.

    That’s why involving key users from day one is essential. The people who live these processes daily understand the bottlenecks that never surface in a project workshop. Their input shapes a solution that reflects how the business really works — and it builds the ownership that drives adoption once you go live. When people feel part of the transformation, a new system stops being “IT’s project” and becomes the way they work.

    Don’t digitize broken processes — and mind your data

    Every transformation is a chance to rethink how work actually gets done. Plenty of organizations still run on duplicate reports, redundant approval steps, parallel spreadsheets, and manual routines that crept in years ago and never left. Lift those inefficiencies straight into a new platform and you’ve simply automated the mess.

    The goal is simplification. Standardizing KPIs, aligning reporting structures, and establishing consistent performance management processes lifts data quality while freeing up hours spent on non-value-added work. That doesn’t mean forcing rigid uniformity on every unit — it means striking the right balance between governance, control, and operational flexibility.

    And this is where the most underestimated factor comes in: data governance. Teams obsess over functionality while quietly assuming the information flowing in from ERP, CRM, and other applications is clean. It usually isn’t — and that’s where implementations start to stumble. Inconsistent codes, incomplete records, and conflicting business rules erode reporting quality and, worse, user trust. Tackle data governance from the very beginning: without a reliable foundation, even the most advanced technology produces questionable results.

    Go-live is a starting line, not a finish line

    Many companies treat go-live as the end of the project. More often, it’s the beginning of the phase that matters most. The first weeks and months of real usage reveal how people genuinely work, which features deliver the most value, and where the next round of improvements should focus. Collecting feedback, running regular review sessions, and investing in ongoing training are what strengthen adoption and protect the long-term return on investment.

    The real differentiator is the partner beside you

    Technology sets the stage, but people, processes, and data governance decide the outcome — and getting all three right is exactly where experience counts.

    Our CCH Tagetik Competence Center brings together 130 specialized consultants worldwide. VISEO has been recognized as a Top New Partner globally, while AKC has been named Global Competence Center four years in a row. At AKC, now part of VISEO, that platform expertise is matched by a delivery philosophy built over years of CPM projects: we don’t start with software, we start with your objectives, your people, and your data. The approach is deliberately unglamorous — progressive, measured, sustainable — nothing resembling a risky “big bang.”

    That’s how an EPM platform becomes a lasting way of working, rather than just another go-live on the calendar.

    If you’re planning an EPM initiative, or trying to unlock the value of one that hasn’t delivered yet, let’s talk.

    👉 Curious about the destination all this execution is driving toward? Read the companion piece: Unified Financial Performance: Why Consolidation, Reporting, and Compliance Are Converging  for the vision behind unified financial performance.

    Unified Financial Performance: Why Consolidation, Reporting, and Compliance Are Converging  

    Unified Financial Performance: Why Consolidation, Reporting, and Compliance Are Converging

    Ask any finance leader what keeps them up at night, and the answer rarely fits into a single box. It’s the regulator asking for more disclosures. It’s the board wanting a forecast by Thursday. It’s the nagging feeling that the numbers in the consolidation system don’t quite line up with the ones in the management report. For years, finance teams learned to live with this fragmentation. Today, they simply can’t afford to.

    The old operating model — consolidation over here, reporting over there, compliance somewhere off to the side — is quietly breaking down. In its place, a new expectation is taking hold: statutory, managerial, and regulatory views should all draw from the same source, tell the same story, and do it fast. This is no longer a nice-to-have. It’s becoming one of the clearest levers a CFO has to protect and improve financial performance.

    Why the current setup has run out of road

    The pressure hasn’t crept up gradually. Over the last decade it has piled on from three directions at once.

    First, regulation. ESG frameworks, evolving taxonomies, IFRS updates, prudential reporting, and international tax rules — the volume and complexity of mandatory disclosures keep climbing, with no sign of slowing.

    Second, expectations from investors and boards, who increasingly want forward-looking answers rather than a tidy rear-view mirror.

    And third, the day-to-day squeeze on finance teams themselves: more analysis, deeper insight, delivered in the same window as before — or a shorter one.

    Here’s the problem. Many finance functions are still running on tools that were never designed to carry this load. Systems built in different technological eras, often inherited through a string of acquisitions, leave behind a patchwork of disconnected data models. The symptoms are familiar to anyone who has lived through a close:

    • consolidation and reporting figures that refuse to reconcile;
    • endless manual adjustments;
    • reconciliations that eat entire days;
    • a permanent dependency on IT to change anything meaningful;
    • and no single, trusted view of the truth.

    That last point is the real cost. When there’s no shared version of reality, every conversation starts with a debate about whose numbers are right. CFOs are increasingly done with that debate — and they’re looking for platforms that bring data, processes, and governance back under one roof.

    From patched-together tools to a unified model

    This is where unified platforms have moved from “interesting alternative” to genuine market standard. They’re not just a like-for-like swap for legacy software. They represent a different way of thinking about how finance runs.

    CCH Tagetik is a good illustration of the shift. Calling it a consolidation tool undersells it. The platform spans the full financial performance cycle — from close through forecasting, reporting, and all the way to regulatory disclosure — on top of a single, coherent data model. That model is what ties everything together:

    • statutory and management consolidation;
    • forecasting and planning;
    • operational performance management;
    • ESG and regulatory reporting;
    • tax management;
    • automated disclosure.

    What makes the difference under the hood is how it treats financial dimensions. They aren’t rigid technical fields you fight against. They behave as genuine business objects — shared across the platform, hierarchical without practical limits, and configurable by finance people rather than developers. In other words, the system is built to absorb complexity instead of buckling under it.

    What actually changes for the CFO

    The usual benefits — cleaner data, better traceability, and stronger governance — are real, but they’re only part of the story. A unified platform changes the way performance itself is managed. Four shifts stand out.

    One version of the truth. When local, conversion, and consolidation layers all live in the same model, the gaps between statutory, management, and analytical views shrink dramatically. Numbers become controlled, documented, and defensible.

    The end of copy-paste reporting. With reporting built in — dashboards, reporting books, ad hoc analysis via drag-and-drop, and now GenAI-assisted queries — production stops relying on a fragile chain of exports and spreadsheets.

    Finance back in the driver’s seat. Because CCH Tagetik is low-code, finance teams can set up rules, allocations, calendars, workflows, and automation themselves. Less waiting on IT, shorter cycles, quicker decisions, and far more room to react when the rules of the game change.

    Regulation-ready by design. ESG, IFRS 16 and 17, Disclosure Management, Solvency II, tax reporting, GMT, and CbCR — handling multi-framework, heavily regulated reporting inside one data environment stops being a scramble and becomes a genuine competitive edge.

    AI and auditability: the new performance drivers

    The interesting part isn’t automation for its own sake — it’s what automation frees people to do. CCH Tagetik brings in a layer of AI that quietly removes friction: anomaly detection, automatic transaction matching, journal automation, predictive analytics, and an “Ask AI” capability that lets you interrogate the data in plain language.

    Pair that with full traceability — audit trails, logs, and built-in controls — and the CFO’s position strengthens on both fronts at once: guardian of financial truth and a faster, better-informed decision-maker.

    A structural shift, not a passing trend

    The steady replacement of legacy tools like SAP FC, Hyperion, and IBM Cognos with unified platforms isn’t a fad that will fade with the next budget cycle. It’s a structural change cutting across every sector — from large listed groups to mid-market companies. CFOs need financial performance that is more reliable, faster, clearer, and genuinely actionable, and the old architecture can’t deliver all four at once.

    The future of finance is unified

    Improving financial performance used to be shorthand for “close faster” or “make the numbers trustworthy.” The bar has moved. It now means seeing statutory, forecast, and regulatory performance as one connected picture, inside one environment.

    Data has become a strategic asset. Bringing consolidation, FP&A, and regulatory reporting together is no longer what sets a finance team apart; it’s fast becoming the baseline everyone is expected to meet. The teams that lean into this convergence now will spend tomorrow enjoying faster closes, more agile forecasting, sharper insight, more responsive performance management, and compliance they actually feel in control of.

    Unification isn’t a technology decision anymore. It’s the foundation the next generation of finance will be built on.

    👉 A unified platform sets the stage — but choosing it is only half the story. Read the companion piece: Why EPM Implementations Succeed or Fail — and It’s Rarely the Software to see what actually determines the outcome.

    AKC Nordic: A New Milestone in Our Growth Journey

    One of the latest achievements of 2024 was the inauguration of our new legal entity in Sweden: AKC Nordic. This milestone represents a pivotal step in our journey to expand into the Scandinavian market.

    Milo Bertolutti, Business Developer at AKC Nordic, shared his thoughts on this achievement:

    We are excited to take this significant step in establishing AKC’s presence in Scandinavia. Our connection with this region began even before the pandemic, with our first projects laying the groundwork. In 2022, we made the strategic decision to establish a permanent presence here. Moving to Stockholm, I knew this wasn’t going to be a temporary endeavor. Both professionally and personally, I was committed to embracing Scandinavia for the long term. Looking back at our achievements over the past two years, I am more convinced than ever that this was the right decision.

    While the establishment of AKC Nordic is a remarkable achievement, I see it as just the beginning. Today, we collaborate with approximately 10 clients across Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, and our goal is to expand our portfolio organically and strategically. Our partnership with Tagetik Nordic has been invaluable throughout this journey, and we believe it will continue to play a crucial role in our future growth.

    At AKC, we are known for our methodical and patient approach, prioritizing quality above everything else. We focus on earning our clients’ trust over time, relying solely on the excellence of our deliverables. Over the past two years, we have found that cultural differences between Italy and Scandinavia have not been as pronounced when it comes to implementing Tagetik projects. We’ve also discovered that winter here isn’t as daunting as it seems—with the right clothing, it becomes a season to enjoy. When it snows, the city lights up, offering a unique charm despite the winter darkness. Perhaps we’ve adapted faster than expected, becoming more Nordic than we initially thought.

    Finally, I want to express my deepest gratitude to everyone who has contributed to this success—from our dedicated team here in Stockholm to our colleagues in Italy.

    A special thanks to our clients for their unwavering trust and to Tagetik Nordic for their invaluable partnership.

    AMS: How AKC is redefining Application Maintenance Services

    AMS (Application Maintenance Services) represents a fundamental pillar for ensuring the success of Corporate Performance Management (CPM) solutions within companies. Despite its crucial importance, AMS is often underestimated and considered merely as an appendix to the project without strategic significance. This perception fails to consider the numerous advantages that AM services offer, which go beyond simple on-demand technical support.

    In fact, AMS should be conceived not just as a reactive firefighting activity, but as a proactive service aimed at not only providing support in case of malfunctions but also maintaining optimal software performance and adapting the implemented business model to the constantly evolving market needs. The implemented model should not be regarded as a static element but rather a dynamic one, in line with the ever-changing market conditions. That’s why AKC considers and views AMS as an integral part of the project lifecycle, giving AM the same importance as other phases, such as design or build. As a result, AKC approaches and offers the service in a completely innovative way, with the aim of adapting to this different philosophy.

    AMS: AKC’s Perspective Shift

    Software implementation projects generally follow a conventional path from the design phase to going live. However, the importance of post go-live activities, such as monitoring application functionality and performance, regular and extraordinary maintenance of the implemented model, and potential software updates, is often underestimated. This lack of attention can negatively impact software performance and usability, and maintenance is only acknowledged when bugs or technical issues arise.

    AKC has revolutionized this approach by considering the AM phase on par with others and providing dedicated services to regularly monitor software performance, maintain proactive communication with clients, and support natural business evolution. Periodic Service Assurance Levels (SAL) organized with clients allow for assessing the project’s progress and implementing corrective actions to ensure optimal implementation conditions. This innovative perspective is crucial as it enables the anticipation of issues and proper planning, including important software updates that, if not addressed correctly, can lead to system disruptions.

    It is increasingly common for clients, recognizing the crucial importance of application maintenance, to include maintenance services in their evaluation alongside implementation services. The growing awareness of AMS emphasizes the need to view it not merely as an additional component but as an essential element for ensuring the success and sustainability of Corporate Performance Management initiatives and maximizing their implementations.

    It is not uncommon for even well-implemented solutions to be questioned after a few years due to their inadequate alignment with new business needs or their inability to deliver the performance expected in earlier stages. Only an AM service with proactive characteristics can ensure proper software functionality and adaptation to evolving market conditions while aiming to minimize the overall Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the investment.

    Choosing the Right Consulting Partner

    To achieve efficient and business-aligned results, it is crucial for companies to collaborate with capable partners who can provide adequate AMS services instead of reactive and ad hoc approaches. Application Maintenance Services (AMS) should be regarded as a highly valuable element, not just a necessary evil addressed through consumption-based contracts focused solely on resolving daily operational bugs. When selecting a partner, it is essential to choose a company that recognizes and values this service, rather than treating it as an add-on without dedicated internal support.

    By selecting a structured and reliable partner with a competent Support team capable of providing well-planned and governed services, additional benefits can be obtained, including:

    • Customizable contracts tailored to specific needs and required services.
    • Structured and well-defined Service Level Agreements (SLAs) ensuring quality and timely AMS activities.
    • Operational coverage 24/7, 365 days a year, guaranteeing continuous and immediate support.
    • Ability to provide services in multiple languages to meet the needs of multinational companies.
    • Effective and timely ticketing system for request and problem management.

    This will lead to significant reductions in the overall Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the implementation, ensuring stability and the ability to adapt its configuration to business evolutions over the years, while keeping the user base properly trained and informed about any new functionalities released by the software vendor.

    With a trusted and professional partner, it will be possible to address future challenges and ensure long-term success in Corporate Performance Management initiatives.

    Private Debt: why rely on the diversification of financial sources

    Today, resorting to Private Debt is very attractive for fast-growing small and medium-sized companies. This form of financing is now well established in the United Kingdom due to its attractive risk/return profile, and it is also expanding in Europe precisely as an alternative source for SMEs.

    Flexibility of corporate financial structure

    If we analyze the international best practices about the management of the financial structure of non-financial companies we see that numerous researches, conducted in industrialized countries – i.e. Graham, J. and Harvey, C., (2001), Bancel, F. and Mittoo U.R., (2004) and Dallocchio M., Tzivelis D., Vinzia M. (2017) – show that the choices regarding debt are marked by ensuring flexibility in the corporate financial structure, while guaranteeing the best possible Credit Rating (CR). This hinges on the fact that decisions regarding the corporate financial structure are clearly subordinate-and could not be otherwise-to choices regarding the core business and in particular investment policy. Therefore, CFOs (Chief Financial Officers) prefer a sub-optimal financial structure from a cost perspective, but one that is more flexible and therefore less risky.

    Basically, in order to optimize the risk-return combination, from the point of view of the net financial position (NFP), companies tend to diversify the sources of debt, although this may entail, at least in the short term, a higher cost of financing (of funding). This aspect in the Italian context appears particularly significant since companies are inclined to raise money mainly by resorting to the banking system.

    The problem of reduced diversification of financial sources

    This reduced source diversification activity, more often than not, does not manifest itself in the larger entities with investment grade ratings (i.e., BBB- to rise), but in the many viable smaller entities with non-investment grade ratings: in which case the banking system remains the main route and unfortunately often the only one. In relation to the latter entities and in general for SMEs, this phenomenon has then been further emphasized due to the “Liquidity Decree” (ex lege 40/2020 and the Support bis Decree ex lege 73/2021), which allows companies to raise new bank debt, taking advantage of public guarantees. E.g., Mediocredito Centrale offers a guarantee of up to 80 percent of bank exposures of up to a maximum of 10 years to finance new investments and working capital, but also to consolidate existing debt, transforming short-term debt into medium- to long-term debt, while maintaining the lower cost of funding typical of a short-term exposure.

    This measure, aimed at coping with the pandemic, meant that banks continued to provide credit to entities for which, for the purposes of the government guarantee, they still have to check creditworthiness. This is not surprising, given that the ability to generate cash flow, and thus to be able to repay debt, is the condition underlying the granting of credit by any financial intermediary.  However, Government support for bank debt does not seem to be able to be a structural tool, and therefore serious reflection is required on the desirability of diversifying sources of funding especially for medium-sized entities, even if they have non-investment grade ratings.

    The solution: rely to Private Debt

    One avenue that could be considered, in order to diversify financing sources, is that of Private Debt, i.e., resorting to private placements with direct lending and private equity funds, usually owned by institutional investors and/or family offices. 

    In this way, it is possible to start the process of diversifying sources primarily to give rise to corporate growth or restructuring operations, thanks to structured access to new forms of ordinary or extraordinary finance. In other words, while large companies with investment grade ratings are normally organized to place debt issues on a continuous basis in the market; for smaller entities these could be more occasional operations and therefore the use of these specialized funds on non-investment grade and higher leverage borrowers could be a solution to effectively diversify financial sources.

    The importance of cash planning (cash flow)

    Therefore, in view of fading public support in the future, the importance of being able to plan for corporate cash generation, consistently assigning goals to management and measuring their achievement over time, in order to produce a positive cash flow that ensures repayment capacity and in general compliance with the financial covenants included in the financing should be reiterated once again.  Without effective cash flow planning and control, not only does diversification of financial sources become problematic, but continued access to any form of debt, whether bank or private direct lending, becomes complicated.

    The expert’s advice

    In conclusion, public guarantees to collateralize bank debt cannot be eternal and it pays to move in time. Therefore, in order to continue to tap the debt market, while diversifying financial sources appropriately, it is necessary to have cash generation under control in the company. In fact, without an effective cash flow planning and control process, one runs the risk of not being able to ensure a solid and flexible financial structure to support the core business.

    Value, Risk and Sustainability in the compensation policy

    Remuneration policy in businesses

    The “Report on the remuneration policy and on the remuneration paid” is not a mere implementation that listed companies must fulfill annually, but rather it constitutes an important piece of the corporate governance model that allows the company to communicate externally and internally how it intends to direct the management’s actions in the direction of sustainable growth for a medium-long period.

    This report is based on the guidelines and recommendations indicated in the Shareholding Directive II, in the Legislative Decree 49/19 and Legislative Decree 58/98 (Consolidated Finance Act) and the Corporate Governance Code.

    These regulatory guidelines attribute great importance to the variable component of the remuneration, especially for a long-term period, and also recommend the adoption of non-financial targets.

    The preparation of the remuneration package therefore appears to be a fundamental step in defining the remuneration not only of the CEO but also of the top and middle management.

     

    Value, risk and sustainability in the remuneration policy: the Enav and Eni case

    Here is an analysis of the remuneration policy which shows how “Value”, “sustainability” and “risk” are distributed in the short- and long-term incentives and which are of greater importance when defining the objectives. Let’s take into consideration the folowing two Italian companies which work in two different sectors. The first is Enav, it is involved in the management and control of air traffic and the second refers to Eni which works in the sector of oil and gas. In this way, it is possible to observe how the targets (risk, value and sustainability), present in the Remuneration package of the CEO and top management vary in companies of different sectors and different degrees of maturity.

    From the analysis of the Report on the remuneration policy and remuneration paid in 2019 of the companies mentioned above, the following information emerges:

    • In the case of Eni it is possible to find that a significant importance is given to the variable component with respect to the fixed component, with prevalent incidence of the Long-Term Incentive (LTI) component;
    • measures relating to value creation carry greater weight than non-value financial measures financial (especially for ENAV) and are in line with the best practices of marketing at both a Short-Term Incentive (STI) and LTI level;
    • however, measures relating to sustainability show increasing emphasis, furthermore greater for Eni. In particular, the greater weight of the sustainability objectives for Eni would appear to depend on the specificity of the sector in which it operates and also on a greater degree of seniority in relation to these issues.

    Risk measures, on the other hand, appear at first to be less represented in the Reports on remuneration policy and the remuneration paid. In light of this last point, it is worthwhile considering further reasoning on risk measures.

     

    Risk Adjusted Performance Measures

    First of all, it must be said that Risk Adjusted Performance Measures (RAPM) are typical of entities which manage financial risks (i.e. banks and insurance companies), while in the case of non-financial entities and therefore in the presence of industrial risks, the application of these measures appear to be much more complex and therefore not widespread at all.

    However, it should be underlined that Eni indicates a target linked to Net Debt / EBITDA and therefore to the financial discipline, or to the management of liquidity risk (which is not the case for ENAV which highlightsa positive net financial position in 2019).

    It is therefore possible to state that the objectives related to risk management are not absent in the remuneration policies of non-financial entities.

    Finally, it can be said that when economic-financial objectives are assigned (eg. EBIT, EBT, FCF), these must be planned and implemented ensuring that a suitable amount of resources are allocated (OPEX and CAPEX) for risk mitigation activities and therefore useful to comply with the risk appetite, and that such mitigation activities are effectively implemented.

    However, considering the Report on the remuneration policy and on the remuneration paid, often it is unclear how often this actually occurs. This relationship is probably not responsible enough for providing evidence of risk management. A greater emphasis on management measures of the risk, however – especially from a design point of view – could find space in the relationship in the report in question especially if this occurs in the remuneration policy.

    On the other hand, this is what is happening in relation to the management of the risks associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, mainly in relation to the STI, as emerges from recent market research.

    Therefore, greater disclosure within the report eg. about mitigation projects of the risk, if any, could represent a desirable evolutionary trend.

     

    Value, Risk and Sustainability in the company’s target

    The previous article was about how value, risk and sustainability influence the choices made by the company,
    now it is necessary to verify in reality if these three dimensions have equal roles within the decisions made by the management.

     

    It is important to underline that it is not easy to find a good balance among the three dimensions described because:

    • to guarantee a risk exposure consistent with the company’s risk appetite, it is necessary to mitigate or eliminate a series of risks, and this has a cost which corresponds to a benefit that cannot be easily estimated in terms of stabilizing the value creation path;
    • Implementing initiatives in the field of sustainability in turn requires a cost, which corresponds to a benefit in terms of reputation and image, but also in terms of the market involving employees, customers, suppliers, financial institutions, investors, consumer associations, public bodies, opinion and media, … which return is neither immediate nor easily estimated.

    All of this appears to have a negative impact on the ability to create a shareholder value. But this is not necessarily the case, because it is not a question of sustaining costs, but of making an investment that can generate future benefits. In other words, by giving up a portion of the profits in the short-term we create more value in the near future, precisely through investments.

     

    Value, risk and sustainability: how much do they weigh on Management decision making?

    If what is written is generally acceptable, it is necessary to try and understand if in the corporate decisions and behaviour the creation of value takes on a great importance, compared to the efficient risk management and sustainable choices.

    To understand this, it may be useful to think about what the objectives assigned to the top management of a company may be. If there is a strong predominance of the value component over any other component, then the aforementioned gap could be wider than expected. In summary, the corporate incentive system is often the “litmus test” that reveals the actual corporate culture in relation to the three pillars mentioned above.

    Lets’ take the current “Covid-19” pandemic situation as an example.
    Think of a pharmaceutical company that has to develop a flu vaccine, the strain of the virus seems to be identified and is more aggressive in very poor countries. The shareholder can alternatively assign the following objectives to the top management:

    1. Develop a vaccine against the specific virus identified to minimize costs and maximise value.
    2. Develop a portfolio of vaccines against the strain of the virus to help prevent possible mutations of the gene of the virus and manage the risk of not having the right vaccine. The portfolio of vaccines would be made available only to those countries that were able to pay for it.
    3. Develop a portfolio of vaccines against the strain of the virus to help prevent possible mutations of the gene of the virus and manage the risk of not having the right vaccine. The portfolio of vaccines would be available to poor countries and a reasonable price.

    It is clear that the first objective maximizes value because only one type of vaccine is developed, and the costs are therefore lower. The problem is that this is a risky choice, because if the virus mutates there is a high probability that the right vaccine will not be available.

    The second objective does not maximize the value, because an entire vaccine portfolio is developed and costs are higher, but it reduces the risk of not having the right vaccine and unnecessary spending of money and time, as well as missing a market opportunity and the needs of people.

    Precisely because developing a vaccine portfolio is more expensive, there may be a strong temptation to keep the price high, at least initially, to try to maximize the vaccine’s sales margins by supplying it primarily to richer countries. This would create more value, at least in the short-term, but it would make the vaccine unreachable for the poorest countries, resulting in damage and suffering for them. And this would be a corporate behaviour that could not be qualified as sustainable.

    In conclusion, a strategic choice – to be reflected upon in the top management company incentive system – should take into account risk management (type 2) and, as far as possible, also sustainability (type 3).

    If the type 1 prevails in the company, it would be easy to conclude that the statements on the company’s attention to risk and sustainability are perhaps a bit hasty.

     

    Top management objectives in light of Risk management and Sustainability

    If in this moment Italy – as other countries – decides to purchase the production of a vaccine in advance which validation period is still underway, it would incur an unnecessary cost in the case that the vaccine is not registered. This is considered as “Risk management“.

    Returning to the corporate world, it is no coincidence that the supranational (OECD, European Community, …) and national (Consob and other supervisory bodies) are demanding that the top management be increasingly incentivized, measured and rewarded in relation to objectives that take into account risk management and sustainability and therefore not just the creation of value.
    This is not surprising since the creation of value is now understood as value created in the long run; without risk governance and attention to sustainability, sustainable growth would remain just a mirage.

     

    In the next article we will examine some examples of the remuneration policy of listed companies to understand how it is possible to effectively translate what is described here in a real-life situation.

     

    The pillars of the company lifecycle: Value, Risk and Sustainability

    Risk, value and sustainability are the pillars on which the company’s lifecycle is built on.
    In fact, the management puts all of its energy into value creation, business risk management and a sustainable long-term growth.

     

    Value creation and risk appetite

    If we ask ourselves which is the final objective of a business, one could say that is the creation of value and therefore positive cash flows or even profits (a term used recently).

    This approach seems however incomplete because every economic and financial decision made can only result in being a risk-return choice.
    A certain level of profit is quite difficult to assess if not in relation to the risk taken to reach a certain result: a greater risk taken should obtain a greater return in terms of profit. Therefore, the value creation may be read in strict relation with the risk appetite that each entity must have.

    The final objective of a company cannot be the value creation as such, but the value creation in line with the risk level that the company intends to take (Risk Appetite).

     

    The combination of risk-return

    The amount of risk has gradually assumed dignity equal to that of value, so much so that one wonders whether, to optimize the risk-return combination, is it first necessary to define the Risk Appetite and subsequently maximize the value in line with one’s risk appetite, or identify a path to create value and then mitigate the risks encountered along this path to balance the risk exposure according to one’s propensity (in taking a risk).

    The second approach is perhaps more obsolete, since it considers the amount of risk as a series of obstacles to be removed along the path of the value creation. Vice versa, the creation of value passes through the ability to select the appropriate risks in terms of size and quality in order to generate sustainable growth over time.

     

    The concept of “sustainability”

    The concept of sustainability is considered part of the three dimensions essential for the management of the company. In other words, the combination of risk-return needs to be sustainable over time, and to be sustainable the creation of value must not be orientated only on the basis of a short period and/or at the advantage exclusively of the shareholders.

    At the beginning of the 1980’s Robert Edward Freeman was the first to propose the Stakeholder Theory, which paved the way for the development of a common ground of reflection on the importance of all the those who can influence or be influenced by the strategies that the company puts in place (Freeman and Reed 1983).

    According to William Evan and R.E. Freeman, the stakeholders – ” are those groups who have a stake in or a claim on the firm. Specifically, we include suppliers, customers, employees, stockholders, and the local community, as well as management in its role as agent for these groups” (Evan e Freeman 1988).

    More recently in 2011, Micheal.E.Porter and Mark.R. Kramer published an article called “Creating Shared Value”, in which they introduced the concept of shared value creation: the relation between competitive advantage and social responsibility of businesses. With the concept of Shared Value, Porter and Kramer aim to reinvent capitalism to lead to global growth. In short, the objectives need to be measured in medium-long terms and all of the stakeholders together with the shareholders must be at the centre of the choices made by the company, therefore changing from shareholder value to shared value.

    Generally speaking, sustainability means respecting the environment in which the company operates, i.e. natural resources such as energy, water and air, avoiding pollution and the waste management in the field of circular economy. It also means, focusing on society and human rights, the development of human resources, on gender discrimination by guaranteeing equal opportunities for everybody and the implementation of a efficient corporate governance by creating anti-corruption practices, compliance, a correct return model and lastly the risk management of a company.

     

    Social objectives and shared value

    The integration of social objectives in the core of the business and the company strategies suggests a necessary movement of the time frame of reference: reaching objectives and the evaluation of the performance must be measured within a medium-long period, keeping in mind not only the immediate profit but also the value produced for the company and the all of the stakeholders.

     

    IFRS 16 And IAS 36: The impairment test of the use rights

    The IFRS 16 first year of life has just ended and the first financial balances that incorporate the new assets produced by the application of this accounting principle, “the rights of use”, are in closure phase.

    Therefore, the assessment of the recoverability of the value of these balance activities pursuant to the IAS 36 is the matter of these days. In fact, the right of use is normally inscribed in the balance sheet in the depreciated historic cost and this requests the necessity to periodically control, pursuant to the IAS 36, the recoverability of the activities object of detection as right of use.

    It means that, in presence of impairment indicators, as they are defined by the IAS 36, every entity has to value if the accounting value to which Is inscribed the right of use is superior or not to the recoverable value (i.e. the highest between the value of use and the market value). Whether the accounting value is higher than the recoverable one, it would be necessary to evaluate the asset.

    As far as the right of use is concerned, it is necessary to report that it is indissolubly linked to the passivity per leasing.  Such liability lease is qualifiable as a financial passivity, as can be deduced by the IFRS 16 dispositions that forecasts the classification of the relative reimbursements of the cash flows from financing activities pursuant to the dispositions of the paragraph 50.a) of the IAS 36 depending on which the relative cash flows must be excluded from the calculation of the value of use as are all the cash flows connected with the financial passivities. Therefore, in the calculation of the value of use, must be excluded the rent fees because they constitute the reimbursement of the financial passivity that must be excluded in the determination of the value of use.request demo CCH Tagetik

    IFRS 16 and IAS 36: The Impairment Test of Rights of Use

    As said above, if on one side the IFRS 16 in paragraph 33 explicitly establishes that the lessee must apply the dispositions of the IAS 36 to verify the recoverability of the detected right of use, on the other side, must be considered the undoubted peculiarities of the right of use that is not only an active contract tightly connected to its passivity per leasing, but that is not even able to produce autonomous cash flows.

    It follows that because of the missed generation of autonomous cash flows, the right of use under analyzation must be aggregated to other units generators of cash flows, i.e. it must be configured as a “corporate asset” which recoverable value is connected to the totality of the cash generating units (CGU) that constitute the enterprise.

    Such aggregation must occur depending on the capacities of the entity to attribute with a reasonable criterion the right of use to the smallest CGU to which can be aggregated the right of use.

    For instance, if a company has rent a building in which are located its three operative divisions, if the company would be able to attribute with a reasonable criterion (for instance surfaces occupied at the condition that they will remain stable over time, that is not easy) to every division the right of use, it follows that the impairment test will be done at the level of single division, i.e. of single CGU.

    Instead, whether this criterion does not subsist (something probable whether the surfaces are governed centrally and not by the single directions) then the reference CGU corresponds to the entity in its totality and therefore the impairment at test must be done at level of total entity.

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    In synthesis, the impairment mechanic determines the comparison between the accounting value (net book value) of the CGU comprehensive of the right of use inscription value with the cash flow actualized produced by the CGU without considering the disbursements forecast for the payment of the leasing fees.

    Obviously, in this prospective, also the actualization rate to be adopted for the definition of the value of use must be coherently determined considering the effects coming from the adoption of the IFRS 16; particularly in a model of definition of the discount rate based on the weighted average cost of the capital (Weighted Average cost of capital-WACC) such effects take substance in an increase of the leverage that leads, on one side, to the increase of the “weight” of the component cost of the debt (generally less expensive than the equity one), and on the other side to  the increase of the  levered beta with consequent increase of the equity component’s cost. The combined effect is not easily predictable, therefore the increase of the leverage connected with the application of the IFRS 16 does not necessarily leads (as at first sight we could expect) to a reduction of a weighted medium cost of the capital.

    At last a nod to the market value, to be used in the calculation of the recoverable value –whether higher – in alternative to the value of use. A possible way to evaluate it could be to estimate  – even with an adapt survey of a real estate advisor, that will necessarily state a market fee included in a reference range – the rent fee market value on the impairment test carrying out date (i.e. the balance sheet closure date) for a contract comparable with the one that has produced the right of use inscribed in the balance sheet. On the base of such fee should be determined the right of use expressed at market value to be compared with the accounting value. It must be said that such market value – on the base of the mentioned survey – will be expressed in a range, so that it would seem to be hazarded to limit us to compare the range medium value with the accounting value while, if the accounting value would be within the range, (even under its medium value) there may not be the conditions for a devaluation.

    So the IFRS 16 has introduced a lot of news, with pervasive effects in the companies’ balance sheets, such as the verification of the recoverable value pursuant to the IAS 36. The balance sheets at the end of the 2019 represent the first proof of the coexistence of the IFRS 16 with the IAS 36.

    Mr. Mario Vinzia

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